A high number of synonyms were detected among genotypes collected in different winegrowing areas. In the National Register of Italian Grapevines more than 650 varieties are included ( ), representing a slice of grapevine diversity, as assessed by genetic analysis of Italian germplasm collections, including both local varieties and the most widely known national varieties. As stated in the OIV Statistical Report on World Vitiviniculture, the area under vines cultivation in Italy reached 690,000 ha in 2016, with 7.9 million tons of grape production for both wine and table grape markets and 50.9 million hectoliters of wine ( ). Īmong European countries, Italy is one of the major wine producers. During the second half of 5rd millennium BC grapevine appeared in Southern Greece and then moved to the southern Balkans, Central and Western Europe throughout South Italy. From there, domesticated grapevines spread to south-eastern regions of the Mediterranean.
This process occurred about 8000 years ago and took place in the Caucasus, in an area located between the eastern coast of the Black Sea and the southern coast of the Caspian Sea. sylvestris) is suggested to have first appeared about 65 million years ago and its domestication was closely related to winemaking. sativa) is one of the most important economic fruit species in the modern world of West Asiatic origin, it is cultivated in a wide area from Trans-Caucasus to Western Europe and around the Mediterranean Basin. The uniqueness of this ampelographic platform was mainly an outcome of complex natural or human-driven crosses involving elite cultivars. This study provided evidence that Magna Graecia germplasm was shaped by historical events that occurred in the area due to the robust link between South Italian and Greek genotypes, as well as, by the availability of different thermal resources for cultivars growing in such different winegrowing areas. Pedigree analysis showed a complex and well-structured network of first degree relationships, where the cultivars from Magna Graecia were mainly involved. Gene flow from east (Georgia) to west (Iberian Peninsula) was identified throughout the large number of detected admixed samples. A high level of genetic diversity of the analyzed germplasm was determined clustering, structure analysis and DAPC (Discriminant Analysis of Principal Components) highlighted the genetic relationships among genotypes from South Italy and the Eastern Mediterranean (Greece). ResultsĪ large collection of grapevines from Magna Graecia was compared with germplasm from Georgia to the Iberian Peninsula using the 18 K SNP array. Here, the genetic diversity of Magna Graecia grape germplasm was assessed and its role in grapevine propagation around the Mediterranean basin was underlined. Woodhead, The Greeks in the West (1962).Magna Graecia is the ancient name for the modern geopolitical region of South Italy extensively populated by Greek colonizers, shown by archeological and historical evidence to be the oldest wine growing region of Italy, crucial for the spread of specialized viticulture around Mediterranean shores. Randall-MacIver, Greek Cities of Italy and Sicily (1931) T. BC those colonized locally are perhaps a century younger)-on the east coast from north to south, Tarentum (colonized from Sparta), Metapontum (from Achaea), Heraclea (from Tarentum), Siris (from Colophon), Sybaris (from Achaea), Thurii (from Athens, replacing Sybaris), Crotona (from Achaea), Caulonia (from Crotona), Epizephyrian Locris (from Locris) on the west coast from north to south, Cumae (from Chalcis), Neapolis (now Naples from Cumae), Paestum, or Posidonia (from Sybaris), Elea (from Phocaea in Ionia), Laos (from Sybaris), Hipponium (from Epizephyrian Locris), and Rhegium (now Reggio de Calabria from Chalcis). The following are the chief cities of Magna Graecia (those colonized from Greece, except Thurii and Elea, go back to the 8th or early 7th cent.
Through Cumae especially, the Etruscans of Capua and the Romans came into early contact with Greek civilization. BC, that of Parmenides at Elea and that of Pythagoras at Crotona. Magna Graecia was the center of two philosophical groups in the 6th cent. Only Tarentum (now Taranto) and Cumae remained individually very significant. Unlike Greek Sicily, Magna Graecia began to decline by 500 BC, probably because of malaria and endless warfare among the colonies. They were on both coasts from the Bay of Naples and the Gulf of Taranto southward. BC founded a number of towns that became the centers of a new, thriving Greek territory. The Greek overseas expansion of the 8th cent. Magna Graecia (măg´nə grē´shə), Greek colonies of S Italy.
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